Harmful Effects of CFC

These are non-toxic and inflammable compounds of carbon and halogens. They are highly stable and synthetic gaseous material. Nitrous oxides are produced when industrial production of nylon takes place, combustion of nitrogen-rich fuels, breaking of nitrogenous fertilizers by nitrogenous bacterias in soil etc. They are responsible for global warming and cooling.

INTRODUCTION TO HARMFUL EFFECTS OF CFC

For depletion of ozone or hole in the ozone, chlorofluorocarbons are responsible as they produce active chlorine in the presence of ultraviolet radiation. These chlorine radicals destroy ozone and converting them into oxygen causing harmful effects to life on planet Earth.

What is Ozone hole?

The reduction of this layer of ozone in atmosphere thickness in spring season from years past is termed as ozone hole. It has been observed that during 1956-1970 the spring time ozone layer was 280 to 325 Dobson Unit (Du), it has sharply declined in 1979 to 225 Du, 136 Du in 1985 and 94 Du in 1994. The ozone hole was first observed in 1985 over Antarctica and was confirmed in the year 1990.

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Chloroflouro carbons harmful effects:

CFC is a very dangerous phenomenon that is occurring in the stratosphere, the atmosphere above us., giving rise to skin cancer, cataracts and diseases to numerous people.

The Ozone layer which is a safe guard of our Earth Planet is depleting due to this dangerous phenomenon.

The thinning of ozone increases the temperature of the earth leading to global warming.

Increase in Ultra-violet radiations on earth causes cataract, skin cancer, minimizing the immune system functioning.

Increase UV radiation damages nucleic acids in living organisms.

It will affect the photosynthesis in plants.

The UV-B radiations have the capability to penetrate into deeper ocean water thus affecting totally stopping photosynthesis in food chain as their decreased number will affect the organism who feed on them.

Global cooling will also occur if ozone destruction continues.

Agricultural pattern will change and less crop yield will be there.

Desertification of fertitle areas will be there due to increase in temperature and evaporation.

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Possible solutions to reduce harmful effects of CFC:


Awareness among the whole mass.

Environmental education should be made compulsory. It must be checked that it is enforced properly.

Cutting down of green house gases at micro level i.e. starting from homes to industries.

Various seminars should be organised to aware rural as well as urban population about their steps going towards destruction of our planet earth,

Substitute of CFC's and Halons must be obtained.

Strict rules, regulations and laws made for those industries emitting harmful gases into the air.

Electron Orbitals Configuration

Introduction to electron orbitals of configuration:

The physical structure or arrangement of electrons of an atom is called electron configuration. This is part of quantum chemistry.  It defines the way the electrons are distributed in the orbitals of the atomic or molecular system. Similar to elementary particles, the electron is governed by the laws of quantum mechanics. Hence, they exhibit both particle-like and wave-like nature.Please express your views of this topic Molecular Structures by commenting on blog.


Concept of electron orbitals configurations:


The structure of the periodic table of elements can be easily understood by knowing the electron configuration of different atoms . Chemical bonds that hold the atom together are also related to electron orbital configurations. In high-end devices or semiconductors, some strange properties are explained by electron orbital configurations.

The situation is very complex in case of molecules. Orbital structure varies from molecule to molecule. According to symmetry, the molecular orbitals are named. The electron states become huge in number in case of solids. They do not bound to be discrete. They effectively blend into various ranges of possible states. Band theory bound to exist in place of electron configurations.

Rationalization of chemical properties is one of the applications of electron configurations. Valence concept is more relevant with electron configurations and simplified nature of molecular orbital theory.  This describes the number and type of chemical bonds that an atom can be expected to form.

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Conclusion on electron orbitals configuration:


The interpretation of atomic spectra is one of the applications of electon orbital configuration. In this case, it is converted into one or more term symbols by converting the electron configuration. This describes the different energy levels in an atom. For any electron configuration term symbols can be computed. In addition, not just the ground-state configuration listed in tables. In practicality all the energy levels are not observed. The electron orbital configurations give a framework for understanding chemical reactions. They are guided by the principle of finding the most stable configuration, which happens to have the lowest energy.

Effect of Plastic Pollution

INTRODUCTION


Wide range of organic amorphous solids which are synthetic or semi-synthetic and are used for manufacturing of industrial products is plastic. Typically plastics are high molecular mass polymers, and may have other substances as its component in order of improving performance reduction in the costs. Plastic have its monomers which are generally either natural or synthetic organic compounds.


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Types of plastics


Thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers.


1) On applying enough of heat thermoplastic will soften or melt polystyrene, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinyl chloride are examples of thermoplastics.


2) Thermosets are those plastics which can be melted and take shape once; they stay solid, after being solidified.


Natural gas and petroleum are raw material to make most of the plastics.

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Toxicity of plastics


Due to relative chemical inertness and insolubility in water, generally the pure plastics have low toxicity in their finished state, without any harmful or ill effects they pass directly from the digestive system (excluding any obstruction or mechanical damage).


Variety of toxic additives is contained in plastic. Example to Brittle plastics plasticizers like adipates and phthalates are often added like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to make them pliable enough so that they can be used in food packaging, teethers and toys, shower curtains tubing, and other items.


The monomers used in its manufacturing of plastic may be toxic while the plastic being manufactured may be toxic; and small amounts of those chemical may remain trapped in the product. The World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) recognized the chemical as known human carcinogen, which are being used in making of PVC, vinyl chloride. On heating some polymers may decompose to give monomers or several toxic substances which are harmful to health and to environment.


The discarded plastic may cause lots of harmful effects when they decompose, as there are many areas where plastic is thrown the land over these areas have more toxicity in their soil.