Introduction to what element is hydrogen
Hydrogen is he first element in the periodic table. It is estimated that hydrogen accounts for 15.4 % of all atoms int he earth's crust. On this basis, hydrogen is the second most abundant element, after oxygen. There are more compounds of hydrogen than any other element . Hydrogen assumes several forms its occurrence and plays different roles indifferent compounds.. Hydrogen occupies a unique position in the periodic table i.e., both in Group I and group VII (or 17th group), are independently at the head of the table.
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Position of Hydrogen in Periodic Table
Hydrogen has the simplest atomic structure of all the elements . It has one proton in th nucleus and only one electron which is present in 1s orbital. With this configuration, it has to be placed in the 1st period in group I along with the alkali metals in the s - block of the periodic table. Hydrogen resembles the alkali metals in its ability to form hydrated unipositive ion, H+(aq) . But the similarity ends here. Because of its high ionization enthalpy (1312 kj mol-1 ), hydrogen does not easily give up its lone electron. On the other hand, alkali metals with low ionization energies do readily form M+(g) ions. They form M+(aq) ions as well. Therefore, they preferably form ionic bonds. Hydrogen has a great tendency to pair up its electron and form covalent bonds. EX : HCL; H2O .
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Occurrence , Isotopes of hydrogen
Hydrogen is the most abundant (92%) element int he universe. It accounts for 15.4% of all atoms in earth's crust. On this count it is second largest available element on earth's crust. The planets, Jupiter, Saturn, the Sun and the stars mostly contain hydrogen. Quantitatively it is the ninth element in order of abundance in the earth's crust.
Hydrogen occurs mostly in combined state as water in the oceans in vast quantities It also occurs in coal, per=petroleum, clay and in all animal and vegetable matter. However, does not occur in the form of free element in nature except in volcanic gases.
Isotopes of hydrogen : Atoms of the same element having different mass numbers are termed as isotopes. The isotopes of an element have the same atomic number and hence, they have the same number of protons in the nucleus but differ in the number of neutrons present. Three isotopes of hydrogen are presently known. They are ordinary molecular hydrogen Protium ( 1H1 ), Deuterium (1H2 or 1D2 ) and tritium (1H3 or 1T3 ). The nuclei of these three isotopes contain 0, 1, 2 neutrons respectively. Tritium, of these three is radioactive. The isotopes of an element have the same electronic configuration and hence possess the same chemical properties. Because of the difference in their masses (widely different from the masses of other nuclides) the isotopes show much difference in their physical properties.
Monday, June 10, 2013
Water Resource Pollution
Introduction to water resource pollution:
Water resource pollution mainly affects our natural water sources in the environment. All developed countries in the world are trying to reduce this water resource pollution by taking several control measures. Nowadays water resources are deadly affected from pollution because of deadly human activities. We should take enough steps and measure to stop these pollution or else remaining water resources are also affected.
Water resource pollution
Nowadays, all the resources of water are affected severely due to pollution. Pure water is very complex to get. This is because of removal of biological and other waste into the water resources like rivers, lakes, and ponds. Mainly ground water source is affected very much due to water pollution. Water resources pollution has greatly affected the world economy every year.
Main water resources of water are
Ponds
Sea
Oceans
Ground water
River
Lakes, wells
Causes and Affects of water resource pollution
Causes:
The main cause for this water resource pollution is because of untreatment of affected water resources and disposal of hazardous wastes in water resources. The following are the pollutants that are disposed in water resources that cause water resource pollution are
Metal cyanides used in industry for metal cleaning and electroplating
Coke burning produces cyanide gas.
Mineral processing releases cyanides.
Tobacco smoke contains traces of HCN.
Releases of HCN during the burning of garbage.
Affects:
People suffer from many water borne diseases due to water resources pollution.
Due to water resources pollution, the ground water gets contaminated.
Whenever the waste water from industries mixed with water resources, it pollutes that environment. This leads to death of aquatic organisms like fishes, prawn.
Measures:
Creating public awareness
Use of water treatment methods to treat natural water resources.
Regulation of laws.
Unless taking enough steps and measures to control this pollution, there is a chance of extinction of these water resources.
Water resource pollution mainly affects our natural water sources in the environment. All developed countries in the world are trying to reduce this water resource pollution by taking several control measures. Nowadays water resources are deadly affected from pollution because of deadly human activities. We should take enough steps and measure to stop these pollution or else remaining water resources are also affected.
Water resource pollution
Nowadays, all the resources of water are affected severely due to pollution. Pure water is very complex to get. This is because of removal of biological and other waste into the water resources like rivers, lakes, and ponds. Mainly ground water source is affected very much due to water pollution. Water resources pollution has greatly affected the world economy every year.
Main water resources of water are
Ponds
Sea
Oceans
Ground water
River
Lakes, wells
Causes and Affects of water resource pollution
Causes:
The main cause for this water resource pollution is because of untreatment of affected water resources and disposal of hazardous wastes in water resources. The following are the pollutants that are disposed in water resources that cause water resource pollution are
Metal cyanides used in industry for metal cleaning and electroplating
Coke burning produces cyanide gas.
Mineral processing releases cyanides.
Tobacco smoke contains traces of HCN.
Releases of HCN during the burning of garbage.
Affects:
People suffer from many water borne diseases due to water resources pollution.
Due to water resources pollution, the ground water gets contaminated.
Whenever the waste water from industries mixed with water resources, it pollutes that environment. This leads to death of aquatic organisms like fishes, prawn.
Measures:
Creating public awareness
Use of water treatment methods to treat natural water resources.
Regulation of laws.
Unless taking enough steps and measures to control this pollution, there is a chance of extinction of these water resources.
Tuesday, June 4, 2013
What is Hydrogen Bromide
Hydrogen bromide is a colorless, corrosive gas with a strong pungent smell. The molecular formula of hydrogen bromide is HBr. In standard conditions, HBr is a gas.
Introduction to what is Hydrogen Bromide
It is a diatomic molecule. It becomes hydrobromic acid when dissolved in water. HBr can be retrieved from hydobromic acid by adding dehydration agent. It is not available naturally and it has to be man made in laboratories. I like to share this Valence Electrons in Hydrogen with you all through my article.
Properties of Hydrogen Bromide
The molecular weight of HBr is 80.912 g/mol. Density at boiling point is 4.88 kg/m3. Boling point is -67 degree Celsius. Specific gravity is 2.77. Melting point is -86.9 degree Celsius. It’s solubility in water is 193g/100ml. It is soluble in organic solvents, alcohol & water. HBr is a non flammable gas. When exposed to moisture it can produce Hydrogen which when comes in contact with air can be explosive. When HBr reacts with fluorine, it can produce flame. When it is mixed with steam or water, it can produce toxic & dangerous fumes. In dry gas form, it is better stored in stainless steel containers. When in moist form it is better stored in high pressure steel or platinum in presence of moisture.
Many inorganic bromides are made out of HBr. In many chemical reactions (organic), it is also used as a catalyst and reagent. It is also used in cracking of petroleum products.
Alkyl bromides are produced from alcohols using HBr:
ROH + HBR `->` RBr + H2O
Compared to other chlorides, industrially HBr is produced in smaller quantities. In the presence of catalyst platinum or asbestos at temperatures ranging 200-400 degree Celsius hydrogen & bromine are brought together to prepare HBr. When in contact with skin it can cause burns or corrode your skin. Inhalation of HBr is also dangerous and could become fatal, as it will affect our respiratory system.
Having problem with Rydberg Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Conclusion
As HBr is a toxic gas, it needs to be handled carefully. When transported it needs to be kept away from sun & heat. Because of its toxic & corrosive nature, be very careful while handling in your laboratory experiments.
Introduction to what is Hydrogen Bromide
It is a diatomic molecule. It becomes hydrobromic acid when dissolved in water. HBr can be retrieved from hydobromic acid by adding dehydration agent. It is not available naturally and it has to be man made in laboratories. I like to share this Valence Electrons in Hydrogen with you all through my article.
Properties of Hydrogen Bromide
The molecular weight of HBr is 80.912 g/mol. Density at boiling point is 4.88 kg/m3. Boling point is -67 degree Celsius. Specific gravity is 2.77. Melting point is -86.9 degree Celsius. It’s solubility in water is 193g/100ml. It is soluble in organic solvents, alcohol & water. HBr is a non flammable gas. When exposed to moisture it can produce Hydrogen which when comes in contact with air can be explosive. When HBr reacts with fluorine, it can produce flame. When it is mixed with steam or water, it can produce toxic & dangerous fumes. In dry gas form, it is better stored in stainless steel containers. When in moist form it is better stored in high pressure steel or platinum in presence of moisture.
Many inorganic bromides are made out of HBr. In many chemical reactions (organic), it is also used as a catalyst and reagent. It is also used in cracking of petroleum products.
Alkyl bromides are produced from alcohols using HBr:
ROH + HBR `->` RBr + H2O
Compared to other chlorides, industrially HBr is produced in smaller quantities. In the presence of catalyst platinum or asbestos at temperatures ranging 200-400 degree Celsius hydrogen & bromine are brought together to prepare HBr. When in contact with skin it can cause burns or corrode your skin. Inhalation of HBr is also dangerous and could become fatal, as it will affect our respiratory system.
Having problem with Rydberg Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Conclusion
As HBr is a toxic gas, it needs to be handled carefully. When transported it needs to be kept away from sun & heat. Because of its toxic & corrosive nature, be very careful while handling in your laboratory experiments.
Is Hydrogen a Metal or Nonmetal
Introduction to hydrogen a metal or nonmetal:
Hydrogen is one of the important constituent in the earth. Although in the elemental form, it occurs in less abundant around 0.15% in the earch crust and in the combined form, it occurs as water in signifcant amount. Hydrogen is one of the lightest element so that only its abundance is low in the earth crust. It is found significanly in the sun atmosphere and some of the planets like Jupiter and Saturn have significant amount of hydrogen. Please express your views of this topic Aristotle Atomic Theory Contribution by commenting on blog.
Hydrogen is unique in that it contains only one proton and one electron which makes it very versatile. It can combine with almost all the elements in the periodic table. Hydrogen has atomic number 1 so it is the first element in the periodic table. So we know that in the periodic table the elements are arranged in the increasing order of atomic number and in a group the similar electronic configuration repeats. Thus hydrogen has electronic configuration of 1s1 which means it may be placed with alkali metals but it has one electron less than Helium which is inert gas so it can be placed with nonmetals that is halogens.
Here is the discussion of few properties of hydrogen which it exhibit both as metal and nonmetal.
Properties of hydrogen as alkali metal:
Hydrogen has electronic configuration 1s1. On one hand, its electronic configuration is similar to the outer electronic configuration (ns1) of alkali metals, which belong to the first group of the periodic table
Hydrogen has resemblance to alkali metals, which lose one electron to form unipositive ions, as well as with halogens, which gain one electron to form uninegative ion. For example Na forms Na+ and H also forms H+ which is considered as proton.
Like alkali metals, hydrogen forms oxides, halides and sulphides like H2O which is similar to Li2O and HCl and NaCl are comparable.
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Properties similar to nonmetals (halogen):
Hydrogen is a gas as most of the halogens like chlorine and fluorine.
It is diatomic like F2, Cl2, Br2 and I2. All of them forms covalent single bond which is similar to hydrogen which also forms covalent single bond.
Like halogens (with ns2np5 configuration belonging to the seventeenth group of the periodic table), it is short by one electron to the corresponding noble gas configuration, helium (1s2).
In terms of ionization enthalpy, hydrogen resembles more with halogens, ΔH of Li is 520 kJ mol–1, F is 1680 kJ mol–1 and that of H is 1312 kJ mol–1.
Summary
So hydrogen has both metal and nonmetal properties which makes it unique. It may not be considered metal or non metal.
Hydrogen is one of the important constituent in the earth. Although in the elemental form, it occurs in less abundant around 0.15% in the earch crust and in the combined form, it occurs as water in signifcant amount. Hydrogen is one of the lightest element so that only its abundance is low in the earth crust. It is found significanly in the sun atmosphere and some of the planets like Jupiter and Saturn have significant amount of hydrogen. Please express your views of this topic Aristotle Atomic Theory Contribution by commenting on blog.
Hydrogen is unique in that it contains only one proton and one electron which makes it very versatile. It can combine with almost all the elements in the periodic table. Hydrogen has atomic number 1 so it is the first element in the periodic table. So we know that in the periodic table the elements are arranged in the increasing order of atomic number and in a group the similar electronic configuration repeats. Thus hydrogen has electronic configuration of 1s1 which means it may be placed with alkali metals but it has one electron less than Helium which is inert gas so it can be placed with nonmetals that is halogens.
Here is the discussion of few properties of hydrogen which it exhibit both as metal and nonmetal.
Properties of hydrogen as alkali metal:
Hydrogen has electronic configuration 1s1. On one hand, its electronic configuration is similar to the outer electronic configuration (ns1) of alkali metals, which belong to the first group of the periodic table
Hydrogen has resemblance to alkali metals, which lose one electron to form unipositive ions, as well as with halogens, which gain one electron to form uninegative ion. For example Na forms Na+ and H also forms H+ which is considered as proton.
Like alkali metals, hydrogen forms oxides, halides and sulphides like H2O which is similar to Li2O and HCl and NaCl are comparable.
Having problem with Structural Formulas keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Properties similar to nonmetals (halogen):
Hydrogen is a gas as most of the halogens like chlorine and fluorine.
It is diatomic like F2, Cl2, Br2 and I2. All of them forms covalent single bond which is similar to hydrogen which also forms covalent single bond.
Like halogens (with ns2np5 configuration belonging to the seventeenth group of the periodic table), it is short by one electron to the corresponding noble gas configuration, helium (1s2).
In terms of ionization enthalpy, hydrogen resembles more with halogens, ΔH of Li is 520 kJ mol–1, F is 1680 kJ mol–1 and that of H is 1312 kJ mol–1.
Summary
So hydrogen has both metal and nonmetal properties which makes it unique. It may not be considered metal or non metal.
Electron Configuration of Neon
Introduction to electron configuration of neon:
Neon is present in Period 2 and Group 18 of the periodic table. Group 18 consists of six elements: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon
and radon. All these are gases and chemically unreactive. They form very few compounds. Because of this they are termed noble gases.
All the noble gases except radon occur in the atmosphere. Their atmospheric abundance in dry air is ~ 1% by volume of which argon
is the major constituent. Helium and sometimes neon are found in minerals of radioactive origin e.g., pitchblende, monazite, cleveite. The
main commercial source of helium is natural gas.
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The elements present in Group 18 have their valence shell orbitals completely filled and, therefore, react with a few elements only under
certain conditions. Therefore, they are now known as noble gases.
Neon electronic configuration:
All noble gases have general electronic configuration ns2np6 except helium which has 1s2 . Many of the properties of noble
gases including their inactive nature are ascribed to their closed shell structures.
Helium has electronic configuration of 1s2
Neon has electronic configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6
Argon has electronic configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Krypton has electronic configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
Xenon has electronic configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6
Radon has electronic configuration of 1s2 s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p6
All the noble gases are monoatomic. They are colourless, odourless and tasteless. They are sparingly soluble in water. They have very low melting and boiling points because the only type of interatomic interaction in these elements is weak dispersion forces. Helium has the lowest boiling point (4.2 K) of any known substance. It has an unusual property of diffusing through most commonly used laboratory materials such as rubber, glass or plastics.
Neon is present in Period 2 and Group 18 of the periodic table. Group 18 consists of six elements: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon
and radon. All these are gases and chemically unreactive. They form very few compounds. Because of this they are termed noble gases.
All the noble gases except radon occur in the atmosphere. Their atmospheric abundance in dry air is ~ 1% by volume of which argon
is the major constituent. Helium and sometimes neon are found in minerals of radioactive origin e.g., pitchblende, monazite, cleveite. The
main commercial source of helium is natural gas.
I am planning to write more post on Enrico Fermi Atomic Theory, the equation for photosynthesis. Keep checking my blog.
The elements present in Group 18 have their valence shell orbitals completely filled and, therefore, react with a few elements only under
certain conditions. Therefore, they are now known as noble gases.
Neon electronic configuration:
All noble gases have general electronic configuration ns2np6 except helium which has 1s2 . Many of the properties of noble
gases including their inactive nature are ascribed to their closed shell structures.
Helium has electronic configuration of 1s2
Neon has electronic configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6
Argon has electronic configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Krypton has electronic configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
Xenon has electronic configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6
Radon has electronic configuration of 1s2 s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p6
All the noble gases are monoatomic. They are colourless, odourless and tasteless. They are sparingly soluble in water. They have very low melting and boiling points because the only type of interatomic interaction in these elements is weak dispersion forces. Helium has the lowest boiling point (4.2 K) of any known substance. It has an unusual property of diffusing through most commonly used laboratory materials such as rubber, glass or plastics.
Absorption Line Spectra
Introduction to Absorption line spectra
Absorption line spectra is a spectroscopic technique which measures the absorption of radiation as a function of frequency or wavelength. The sample absorbs energy in the form of photons from the radiating field. The intensity of the absorption spectra varies as a function of frequency. This spectroscopic technique is employed as an analytical tool for the determination of presence of a particular substance in a sample and, in many cases, to quantify the amount of the substance present. Looking out for more help on Chemical Name of Aspirin in chemistry by visiting listed websites.
Basic theory of absorption line spectra
By the nature of quantum mechanical change induced in the molecule absorption lines are classified. When rotational state of a molecule is changed then rotational lines occur which are found in microwave spectral region. When vibrational state of a molecule is changed then vibrational lines occur which are found in infrared region. When electronic state of a molecule is changed then electronic lines occur which are found in visible and ultra violet region.
Relation between absorption line spectra Emission spectra and continuous spectrum
In the emission spectra, substance releases energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Emission can occur at any given frequency at which absorption can occur, and this allows the absorption lines to be determined from an emission spectrum. The absorption spectral lines can be calculated from the emission spectrum using appropriate theoretical models and additional information about the quantum mechanical states of the system.
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Applications of absorption line spectra
Analytical chemistry:
Because of its specificity and quantitative nature absorption line spectra is useful in chemical analysis.
Ex: Absorption line spectra is used to identify the presence of pollutants in the air, distinguishing the pollutant from the nitrogen, oxygen, water and the other expected constituents.
Remote sensing:
The source of radiation in remote measurements is often an environmental source, such as sunlight or the thermal radiation from a warm object, and this makes it necessary to distinguish spectral absorption from changes in the source spectrum.
Astronomy:
In this case, astronomical spectra contain both absorption and emission spectral information. The objects and samples of interest are so distant from earth that electromagnetic radiation is the only means available to measure them. Absorption spectral lines are particularly important for understanding interstellar clouds and it is also employed in the study of extrasolar planets.
Absorption line spectra is a spectroscopic technique which measures the absorption of radiation as a function of frequency or wavelength. The sample absorbs energy in the form of photons from the radiating field. The intensity of the absorption spectra varies as a function of frequency. This spectroscopic technique is employed as an analytical tool for the determination of presence of a particular substance in a sample and, in many cases, to quantify the amount of the substance present. Looking out for more help on Chemical Name of Aspirin in chemistry by visiting listed websites.
Basic theory of absorption line spectra
By the nature of quantum mechanical change induced in the molecule absorption lines are classified. When rotational state of a molecule is changed then rotational lines occur which are found in microwave spectral region. When vibrational state of a molecule is changed then vibrational lines occur which are found in infrared region. When electronic state of a molecule is changed then electronic lines occur which are found in visible and ultra violet region.
Relation between absorption line spectra Emission spectra and continuous spectrum
In the emission spectra, substance releases energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Emission can occur at any given frequency at which absorption can occur, and this allows the absorption lines to be determined from an emission spectrum. The absorption spectral lines can be calculated from the emission spectrum using appropriate theoretical models and additional information about the quantum mechanical states of the system.
Is this topic Radioactive Decay Equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Applications of absorption line spectra
Analytical chemistry:
Because of its specificity and quantitative nature absorption line spectra is useful in chemical analysis.
Ex: Absorption line spectra is used to identify the presence of pollutants in the air, distinguishing the pollutant from the nitrogen, oxygen, water and the other expected constituents.
Remote sensing:
The source of radiation in remote measurements is often an environmental source, such as sunlight or the thermal radiation from a warm object, and this makes it necessary to distinguish spectral absorption from changes in the source spectrum.
Astronomy:
In this case, astronomical spectra contain both absorption and emission spectral information. The objects and samples of interest are so distant from earth that electromagnetic radiation is the only means available to measure them. Absorption spectral lines are particularly important for understanding interstellar clouds and it is also employed in the study of extrasolar planets.
Zinc Chloride Uses
Introduction to zinc chloride uses:
Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) is a white, granular powder, which is formed by heating zinc sulphate with calcium chloride, or the releasing of zinc oxide or zinc in hydrochloric acid. Anhydrous zinc chloride is whitish, translucent and has a specific gravity of 2.75. It melts at about 318°C. It is very hygroscopic and very soluble in alcohol. Having problem with Empirical Formula of Copper Chloride keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
zinc chloride has a burning taste, and is highly corrosive. The concentrated aqueous solutions of zinc chloride have the property of dissolving starch, silk and cellulose. They can not be filtered through standard filter paper.
Zinc chloride is an ionic salt, which still has a covalent character. It is highlighted by its relatively low melting temperature (275 ° C) and high solubility in solvents such as ether. It behaves as a Lewis acid (moderate), and zinc chloride solutions have a pH of 4. When heated in a hydrated form, it hydrolyzes to form zinc chloride. Let us see the uses of zinc chloride.
Uses of zinc chloride
zinc chloride is used to impregnate wood for the preservation of animal substances.
It is used in the refining of oil, in the preparation of parchment paper, ether (ether), stearic acid.
Zinc chloride is mainly used for welding, because of its ability to dissolve metal oxides when it is in the molten state. This property can also be used in cement based on magnesium oxide for dental prostheses.
ZnCl2 is also used as a fireproofing agent and as etchant of metals.
It is also used in dyeing, as a mordant for aniline blue, for pickling and dyeing of brass.
It is used to glue the paper pulp, for disinfecting
In chemical works as dehydrating agent
In medicine as a caustic, a concentrated solution is used for uniform heating of vessels on a certain higher temperature.
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Other uses of zinc chloride
Zinc chloride is also used in electroplating and in the production of batteries.
In the laboratory, zinc chloride is used as Lewis acid moderate.
Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) is a white, granular powder, which is formed by heating zinc sulphate with calcium chloride, or the releasing of zinc oxide or zinc in hydrochloric acid. Anhydrous zinc chloride is whitish, translucent and has a specific gravity of 2.75. It melts at about 318°C. It is very hygroscopic and very soluble in alcohol. Having problem with Empirical Formula of Copper Chloride keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
zinc chloride has a burning taste, and is highly corrosive. The concentrated aqueous solutions of zinc chloride have the property of dissolving starch, silk and cellulose. They can not be filtered through standard filter paper.
Zinc chloride is an ionic salt, which still has a covalent character. It is highlighted by its relatively low melting temperature (275 ° C) and high solubility in solvents such as ether. It behaves as a Lewis acid (moderate), and zinc chloride solutions have a pH of 4. When heated in a hydrated form, it hydrolyzes to form zinc chloride. Let us see the uses of zinc chloride.
Uses of zinc chloride
zinc chloride is used to impregnate wood for the preservation of animal substances.
It is used in the refining of oil, in the preparation of parchment paper, ether (ether), stearic acid.
Zinc chloride is mainly used for welding, because of its ability to dissolve metal oxides when it is in the molten state. This property can also be used in cement based on magnesium oxide for dental prostheses.
ZnCl2 is also used as a fireproofing agent and as etchant of metals.
It is also used in dyeing, as a mordant for aniline blue, for pickling and dyeing of brass.
It is used to glue the paper pulp, for disinfecting
In chemical works as dehydrating agent
In medicine as a caustic, a concentrated solution is used for uniform heating of vessels on a certain higher temperature.
Is this topic Titration Equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Other uses of zinc chloride
Zinc chloride is also used in electroplating and in the production of batteries.
In the laboratory, zinc chloride is used as Lewis acid moderate.
Tuesday, May 28, 2013
Harmful Effects of CFC
These are non-toxic and inflammable compounds of carbon and halogens. They are highly stable and synthetic gaseous material. Nitrous oxides are produced when industrial production of nylon takes place, combustion of nitrogen-rich fuels, breaking of nitrogenous fertilizers by nitrogenous bacterias in soil etc. They are responsible for global warming and cooling.
INTRODUCTION TO HARMFUL EFFECTS OF CFC
For depletion of ozone or hole in the ozone, chlorofluorocarbons are responsible as they produce active chlorine in the presence of ultraviolet radiation. These chlorine radicals destroy ozone and converting them into oxygen causing harmful effects to life on planet Earth.
What is Ozone hole?
The reduction of this layer of ozone in atmosphere thickness in spring season from years past is termed as ozone hole. It has been observed that during 1956-1970 the spring time ozone layer was 280 to 325 Dobson Unit (Du), it has sharply declined in 1979 to 225 Du, 136 Du in 1985 and 94 Du in 1994. The ozone hole was first observed in 1985 over Antarctica and was confirmed in the year 1990.
Please express your views of this topic Trend for Electronegativity by commenting on blog.
Chloroflouro carbons harmful effects:
CFC is a very dangerous phenomenon that is occurring in the stratosphere, the atmosphere above us., giving rise to skin cancer, cataracts and diseases to numerous people.
The Ozone layer which is a safe guard of our Earth Planet is depleting due to this dangerous phenomenon.
The thinning of ozone increases the temperature of the earth leading to global warming.
Increase in Ultra-violet radiations on earth causes cataract, skin cancer, minimizing the immune system functioning.
Increase UV radiation damages nucleic acids in living organisms.
It will affect the photosynthesis in plants.
The UV-B radiations have the capability to penetrate into deeper ocean water thus affecting totally stopping photosynthesis in food chain as their decreased number will affect the organism who feed on them.
Global cooling will also occur if ozone destruction continues.
Agricultural pattern will change and less crop yield will be there.
Desertification of fertitle areas will be there due to increase in temperature and evaporation.
I have recently faced lot of problem while learning Chemistry Formula, But thank to online resources of science which helped me to learn myself easily on net.
Possible solutions to reduce harmful effects of CFC:
Awareness among the whole mass.
Environmental education should be made compulsory. It must be checked that it is enforced properly.
Cutting down of green house gases at micro level i.e. starting from homes to industries.
Various seminars should be organised to aware rural as well as urban population about their steps going towards destruction of our planet earth,
Substitute of CFC's and Halons must be obtained.
Strict rules, regulations and laws made for those industries emitting harmful gases into the air.
INTRODUCTION TO HARMFUL EFFECTS OF CFC
For depletion of ozone or hole in the ozone, chlorofluorocarbons are responsible as they produce active chlorine in the presence of ultraviolet radiation. These chlorine radicals destroy ozone and converting them into oxygen causing harmful effects to life on planet Earth.
What is Ozone hole?
The reduction of this layer of ozone in atmosphere thickness in spring season from years past is termed as ozone hole. It has been observed that during 1956-1970 the spring time ozone layer was 280 to 325 Dobson Unit (Du), it has sharply declined in 1979 to 225 Du, 136 Du in 1985 and 94 Du in 1994. The ozone hole was first observed in 1985 over Antarctica and was confirmed in the year 1990.
Please express your views of this topic Trend for Electronegativity by commenting on blog.
Chloroflouro carbons harmful effects:
CFC is a very dangerous phenomenon that is occurring in the stratosphere, the atmosphere above us., giving rise to skin cancer, cataracts and diseases to numerous people.
The Ozone layer which is a safe guard of our Earth Planet is depleting due to this dangerous phenomenon.
The thinning of ozone increases the temperature of the earth leading to global warming.
Increase in Ultra-violet radiations on earth causes cataract, skin cancer, minimizing the immune system functioning.
Increase UV radiation damages nucleic acids in living organisms.
It will affect the photosynthesis in plants.
The UV-B radiations have the capability to penetrate into deeper ocean water thus affecting totally stopping photosynthesis in food chain as their decreased number will affect the organism who feed on them.
Global cooling will also occur if ozone destruction continues.
Agricultural pattern will change and less crop yield will be there.
Desertification of fertitle areas will be there due to increase in temperature and evaporation.
I have recently faced lot of problem while learning Chemistry Formula, But thank to online resources of science which helped me to learn myself easily on net.
Possible solutions to reduce harmful effects of CFC:
Awareness among the whole mass.
Environmental education should be made compulsory. It must be checked that it is enforced properly.
Cutting down of green house gases at micro level i.e. starting from homes to industries.
Various seminars should be organised to aware rural as well as urban population about their steps going towards destruction of our planet earth,
Substitute of CFC's and Halons must be obtained.
Strict rules, regulations and laws made for those industries emitting harmful gases into the air.
Electron Orbitals Configuration
Introduction to electron orbitals of configuration:
The physical structure or arrangement of electrons of an atom is called electron configuration. This is part of quantum chemistry. It defines the way the electrons are distributed in the orbitals of the atomic or molecular system. Similar to elementary particles, the electron is governed by the laws of quantum mechanics. Hence, they exhibit both particle-like and wave-like nature.Please express your views of this topic Molecular Structures by commenting on blog.
Concept of electron orbitals configurations:
The structure of the periodic table of elements can be easily understood by knowing the electron configuration of different atoms . Chemical bonds that hold the atom together are also related to electron orbital configurations. In high-end devices or semiconductors, some strange properties are explained by electron orbital configurations.
The situation is very complex in case of molecules. Orbital structure varies from molecule to molecule. According to symmetry, the molecular orbitals are named. The electron states become huge in number in case of solids. They do not bound to be discrete. They effectively blend into various ranges of possible states. Band theory bound to exist in place of electron configurations.
Rationalization of chemical properties is one of the applications of electron configurations. Valence concept is more relevant with electron configurations and simplified nature of molecular orbital theory. This describes the number and type of chemical bonds that an atom can be expected to form.
Having problem with Chemistry Equations List keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Conclusion on electron orbitals configuration:
The interpretation of atomic spectra is one of the applications of electon orbital configuration. In this case, it is converted into one or more term symbols by converting the electron configuration. This describes the different energy levels in an atom. For any electron configuration term symbols can be computed. In addition, not just the ground-state configuration listed in tables. In practicality all the energy levels are not observed. The electron orbital configurations give a framework for understanding chemical reactions. They are guided by the principle of finding the most stable configuration, which happens to have the lowest energy.
The physical structure or arrangement of electrons of an atom is called electron configuration. This is part of quantum chemistry. It defines the way the electrons are distributed in the orbitals of the atomic or molecular system. Similar to elementary particles, the electron is governed by the laws of quantum mechanics. Hence, they exhibit both particle-like and wave-like nature.Please express your views of this topic Molecular Structures by commenting on blog.
Concept of electron orbitals configurations:
The structure of the periodic table of elements can be easily understood by knowing the electron configuration of different atoms . Chemical bonds that hold the atom together are also related to electron orbital configurations. In high-end devices or semiconductors, some strange properties are explained by electron orbital configurations.
The situation is very complex in case of molecules. Orbital structure varies from molecule to molecule. According to symmetry, the molecular orbitals are named. The electron states become huge in number in case of solids. They do not bound to be discrete. They effectively blend into various ranges of possible states. Band theory bound to exist in place of electron configurations.
Rationalization of chemical properties is one of the applications of electron configurations. Valence concept is more relevant with electron configurations and simplified nature of molecular orbital theory. This describes the number and type of chemical bonds that an atom can be expected to form.
Having problem with Chemistry Equations List keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Conclusion on electron orbitals configuration:
The interpretation of atomic spectra is one of the applications of electon orbital configuration. In this case, it is converted into one or more term symbols by converting the electron configuration. This describes the different energy levels in an atom. For any electron configuration term symbols can be computed. In addition, not just the ground-state configuration listed in tables. In practicality all the energy levels are not observed. The electron orbital configurations give a framework for understanding chemical reactions. They are guided by the principle of finding the most stable configuration, which happens to have the lowest energy.
Monday, May 27, 2013
Effect of Plastic Pollution
INTRODUCTION
Wide range of organic amorphous solids which are synthetic or semi-synthetic and are used for manufacturing of industrial products is plastic. Typically plastics are high molecular mass polymers, and may have other substances as its component in order of improving performance reduction in the costs. Plastic have its monomers which are generally either natural or synthetic organic compounds.
Plastic is a common word which should not be confused with technical adjective plastic which is applied to any material undergoing a permanent change of shape deformation of plastic when beyond a certain point it is strained.Please express your views of this topic Boron Family Characteristics by commenting on blog.
Types of plastics
Thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers.
1) On applying enough of heat thermoplastic will soften or melt polystyrene, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinyl chloride are examples of thermoplastics.
2) Thermosets are those plastics which can be melted and take shape once; they stay solid, after being solidified.
Natural gas and petroleum are raw material to make most of the plastics.
Is this topic Formula to Find Mass hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Toxicity of plastics
Due to relative chemical inertness and insolubility in water, generally the pure plastics have low toxicity in their finished state, without any harmful or ill effects they pass directly from the digestive system (excluding any obstruction or mechanical damage).
Variety of toxic additives is contained in plastic. Example to Brittle plastics plasticizers like adipates and phthalates are often added like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to make them pliable enough so that they can be used in food packaging, teethers and toys, shower curtains tubing, and other items.
The monomers used in its manufacturing of plastic may be toxic while the plastic being manufactured may be toxic; and small amounts of those chemical may remain trapped in the product. The World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) recognized the chemical as known human carcinogen, which are being used in making of PVC, vinyl chloride. On heating some polymers may decompose to give monomers or several toxic substances which are harmful to health and to environment.
The discarded plastic may cause lots of harmful effects when they decompose, as there are many areas where plastic is thrown the land over these areas have more toxicity in their soil.
Wide range of organic amorphous solids which are synthetic or semi-synthetic and are used for manufacturing of industrial products is plastic. Typically plastics are high molecular mass polymers, and may have other substances as its component in order of improving performance reduction in the costs. Plastic have its monomers which are generally either natural or synthetic organic compounds.
Plastic is a common word which should not be confused with technical adjective plastic which is applied to any material undergoing a permanent change of shape deformation of plastic when beyond a certain point it is strained.Please express your views of this topic Boron Family Characteristics by commenting on blog.
Types of plastics
Thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers.
1) On applying enough of heat thermoplastic will soften or melt polystyrene, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinyl chloride are examples of thermoplastics.
2) Thermosets are those plastics which can be melted and take shape once; they stay solid, after being solidified.
Natural gas and petroleum are raw material to make most of the plastics.
Is this topic Formula to Find Mass hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Toxicity of plastics
Due to relative chemical inertness and insolubility in water, generally the pure plastics have low toxicity in their finished state, without any harmful or ill effects they pass directly from the digestive system (excluding any obstruction or mechanical damage).
Variety of toxic additives is contained in plastic. Example to Brittle plastics plasticizers like adipates and phthalates are often added like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to make them pliable enough so that they can be used in food packaging, teethers and toys, shower curtains tubing, and other items.
The monomers used in its manufacturing of plastic may be toxic while the plastic being manufactured may be toxic; and small amounts of those chemical may remain trapped in the product. The World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) recognized the chemical as known human carcinogen, which are being used in making of PVC, vinyl chloride. On heating some polymers may decompose to give monomers or several toxic substances which are harmful to health and to environment.
The discarded plastic may cause lots of harmful effects when they decompose, as there are many areas where plastic is thrown the land over these areas have more toxicity in their soil.
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